Spring is Here!

Get outside and celebrate the Spring Equinox today,
and look forward to the growing days ahead!

Container Basics: GRound Rules

These days of wind and rain (and possibly) snow are a great time to curl up with a gardening book and dream of warmer days to come.  If your future gardening plans might involve a container or two, here is the first in a Series of Container Basics with some things for you to consider to ensure that you have a successful season.

Why Garden "in the Round"?

You might not be thinking of adding containers this year - you might be blessed with a sizable yard or community garden plot.  Even so, there are many reasons you might still want to add a container or two. Containers are especially valuable to the urban gardener, restricted as we often are in the sun and space available to us. Read on for how they can help your garden succeed.

Comfrey Attracting Bees

Minimize

There are some edibles that are exceedingly vigorous and so are often better off being grown in containers.  If you've ever planted mint, sunchokes (Jerusalem artichokes), lemon balm, comfrey, or bamboo in the ground you might be regretting that decision.  So traditional garden or not, you will be much happier with these plants in a large pot, half-barrel, or upcycled horse trough.

Maximize

By the same token, containers can help you to maximize the

amount of land, light or heat available to you for growing plants. Maybe the best sun you get is on your front porch or driveway edge - containers allow you to "move the soil to the sun" and exploit an otherwise unplantable area for growing sun or heat-loving plants.  The reverse is also true, if you have a very sunny yard but want to grow ferns, hostas or other shade-dwellers and have a suitable patch on a shady back patio.

Microclimate

Say you want to grow blueberries in your traditional veggie garden.  This creates a conflict between the neutral-to-basic-loving vegetables, and the acid-loving blueberries.  A great solution to this could be containers, which allow you to make a soil-less mix with a lower pH (more acidic) while still having your blueberries near to the garden for efficient picking and watering.  More acidic soils are just the start - the microclimate of the container could be adapted to the specific needs of the plant, be they for pH, organic matter, nutrients, or heat.

Speaking of heat (which we are often lacking in the Pacific Northwest), you can also affect the microclimate by putting the pot on or against a surface that retains and reflects warmth, such as a concrete patio or a stucco wall. This is one way to encourage peppers to set fruit and ripen fruit. Containers also warm up faster in the spring and are better-draining than our native clayey soils (in Portland at least), giving you a jump start on planing. However they are also more sensitive to the cold, which can create some challenges for overwintering (we'll get to that in a future post).

Mobility

Microclimate and mobility go hand-in-hand, as containers can be moved as the temperatures drop to protected them from freezing.  Their movable nature can also be an advantage in chasing the sun throughout the day or season, to change up a design grouping, or even move them to a friends house for watering while you're on vacation!  I use the rolling platform at right to move containerized, heat-loving veggies from one side of the back deck to the other during the day as the sun and shadows change.  This effectively gives them "full sun" even though the whole deck is not in full sun all day.

Some Container Caveats

While there are very few hard & fast rules when it comes to growing in containers (depending on who you ask) there are come caveats that you should be aware of to be successful.

NUMBER 1 RULE!

You. Must. Have. Holes. Period.  Without holes, plant roots drown.  Perhaps surprisingly (or not) they need oxygen too!  In fact, in container 'soils' the optimum capacity is about 50% water, 20% air, and 30% solids. So you must give the water somewhere to go in order to let the roots "breathe".  And don't put gravel in the pot bottom to increase drainage, because it doesn't.  It simply gives you less room to plant in.  This will be the topic of a separate post, so you'll just have to trust me for now.

Meet Your New Puppy

YOU - and whomever you rope in to help you - are solely responsible for the growth & success of containerized plants! Being segregated from the native soil, containerized plants rely on you for regular water and soil nutrients.  You will also need to protect these plants from extremes of weather & temperature - heat as well as cold.  If you were planning on bringing home a new puppy you'd have done a bunch of research on the breed, what kinds of problems they are prone to, what makes a good diet, and likely even have a name picked out - so get reading and researching just what will help Julio the Jalapeno or Lucy the Lemon Tree grow and thrive.

Reduce Expectations

Constriction of the plant roots by the container can mean smaller size and/or reduced yields.  This is especially true when growing sun-lovers in areas of marginal sun (less than 6 hours), or when you forget the point above about you being the one responsible for the food and water.  However, you can use this feature to your advantage, for example the root constriction will also dwarf fruit trees, thus making them more manageable in height and spread.

Roots Are Sensitive

Roots are more sensitive and more crucial than above-ground parts - if the top freezes back, it can re-grow as long as the roots are alive, but the reverse is not true.  Remember: containers lower the USDA hardiness zone by 1 – 2 categories, so plants that might be hardy in the ground can be vulnerable in a container.  Roots are more sensitive to heat as well as cold, so dark-colored pots exposed to full sun in the heat of summer might also need protection.

Good Gardening Practices Still Apply

Right Plant - Right Place - Right Pot

Choosing plants, look for the following phrases that can lead you to more appropriate varieties: dwarf, compact, patio, small, mini, and early.  In general go small over big, bush over pole, and multiuse/season over mature crops such as lettuce that you can harvest while young versus cabbage that must form a full head. Additionally, unless you have lots of time or space, avoid anything that takes 85 days or more to mature; this includes winter squash, melons, corn, cabbage, storage onions, beefsteak tomatoes, mammoth sunflowers.

Choosing a place be aware of the amount of sun; access to water, the front/back door, or the place

you are most likely to use & care for the plant; and how the site might be affected by reflected heat, shade from the neighbors tree or house, or the prevailing wind; and the likelihood of being knocked over by kids, mowers, and/or dogs (or for that matter, peed on!).

Choosing a pot can affect how much you have to water, as well as how much heat reaches the soil.  More porous materials such as coil & moss (often founds as hanging basket liners), along with terracotta and wood are more porous, and will loose water more quickly.  Plastic, metal, stone and glazed pottery are less porous and this retain more water.  Dark colored containers, metal ones, and those with a dull finish conduct heat faster than those those with light or reflective surfaces.  Keep in mind too, that smaller pots will loose water and heat up more quickly than larger pots.  Thus bigger pots are better until they become a weight issue to move them.

Integrated Pest Management

Known as IPM for short, this is a pest management philosophy that uses a diverse hierarchy of methods and holistic approach to best gardening practices.  The hierarchy to control pests and disease is:

• Cultural - growing disease-resistant plants, crop rotation, pruning for air circulation, fertilization & watering schedules, and removing downed or fallen leaves & limbs (aka sanitation)
• Physical - using hand labor or machinery i.e. picking slugs of leave or spraying aphids off plants with a hard stream of water from the hose
• Biological - encouraging natural predators, parasites and microbes by planting a diverse landscape - providing food, shelter and protection for 'good bugs', also you can purchase predators such lacewings.
• Chemical - preventing and controlling pests and diseases with the least toxic but effective dose of pesticides. Those pesticides that are OMRI listed are approved for use in organic operations. Remember that even OMRI-listed pesticides are still by definition designed to kill.  As such, practice good pesticide application, including choosing a narrow-spectrum product, not applying on breezy days to avoid drift, and not spraying blooming plants to avoid catching pollinators in the crossfire. 

The Oregon State Extension publication Growing Your Own has a wealth of information on how to manage pests in your garden, as well as alternatives to chemicals, and a wealth of veggie growing information including a section on containers.

For pest management handbooks specific to the Pacific Northwest, you can beat what are collectively known as the PNW Guides that address Plant Disease, Insects, and Weeds respectively.  Bonus - they are all searchable online.

For guides specific to your region, check with your local state extension service - search for yours here.

Stay tuned for the next installment: Picking & Placing Pots

When the Pollen Rains, it Reigns

I've always been especially in tune with the spring-time raining down of pollen - and often suffered some what as a result.  And with this beautiful balmy boost to the spirits, in the full sun I see the golden snow as the trees release - and we sneeze.

One of the best and simplest way to combat the pollen onslaught is to cover your mouth and nose while you are outside, and shower off promptly when you come inside.  This keeps you from further tracking pollen all over the house, sprinkled on your dog and falling in your eyes as you toss your hair in the gentle breeze.

I was also reading an Organic Gardening article on Springtime Allergies and saw that they mention broccoli, kale, collards, and citrus as having 'the right stuff' to help prevent symptoms in the first place.  This happen to conveniently fit into the time of the year that you can buy or harvest these wonder veggies.

Get an easy recipe for Grapefruit & Arugula Salad with Pecans from my kitchen

Great Advice From a Garden Designer

A big thank you to Lorene Edwards Forkner who was the guest speaker this month at the Multnomah County Master Gardener meeting (open to the public and free!).  She delivered an entertaining presentation Plotting the Garden Year (or possibly alternately titled, Getting More Out of Less).

Lorene is a fellow Pacific Northwest gardener who cautions us that PNW gardens are just like a toad's metabolism - slow to get going in the cold, but really ramps up for those moments of sun and heat (about 3 months worth here).  Thus it is better to plant more plants earlier in the year when each one isn't giving you much opportunity to harvest, which you can then thin to fewer, larger plants as the season progresses and each needs more space to achieve ultimate abundance in the "space time continuum". Lorene was full of great garden sayings, three of which I have joined together for the following little gem:

"Gardeners adapt, that's what we do, we adapt - and we throw the dice, because there is always next year."

She was full of great advice too - grow up (vertically that is), chose crops that you can eat one plant all season long such as kale and chard, and save your repeat sowing for tender things such as salad greens and herbs. Forgo waiting 3 months for a "speedy" cabbage, and instead choose a fast-growing flavor mimic like kale or mustard greens.

And speaking of mustard greens, Lorene posits, "I bet you'd save enough money to buy a car by the time you're done filling your yard with heucheras, if you plant red mustard instead". Now that's a design plan I'd like to try!  I've been a big fan of red mustard for years, and I think it's about time it leapt out of the barrel and into the "ornamental" garden, not that there much of a distinction at the best of times in my yard.

She's big on herbs too - and why not! They are fantastic to eat, beautiful to look at, and great food for the bees too.  And speaking of bees, check out next month's speaker, Dr. Ramesh Sagili, delivering a talk on the importance of honey bees, and their current plight. Hint: planting a diversity of flowing plants and avoiding the use of pesticides (even organic ones), especially in the middle of the day when bees are most likely to be out foraging for nectar, are two of the many things you can do to help out.

Now you may have guessed from the numerous post I have devoted to fava beans that I am a fan. (This post has even given me the excuse to set them up with their own label). Well I am in good company in this regard - and now Lorene has turned us all on to crimson favas!  The splendor!  I am on the hunt but everywhere I go online seems to be out of stock... oh the humanity! Time for a dash to Garden Fever...

Lorene also has a really big soft spot for pole beans - she must have mentioned them at least a half-dozen times throughout the talk.  I have largely kept to bush beans, as I'm growing in containers and they can really take over, but she points out too that pole varieties fall into the "one plant, continual harvest category" and so that does make sense for small spaces. These also come in beautiful purple and magenta varieties that make them all the more becoming.  And she points out that with the darling hues they are easier to find and pick!

Other veggies that are great for the "cut back and renew" treatment, or the "continual picking from

one plant" scenario are kale, chard, and beet tops for the former, and in addition to the pole beans (I'm sure Lorene would be happier if I mentioned them again) are cherry tomatoes and tromboncino summer squash for the latter.  She enjoys these especially because they are a firmer type, and can even be eaten when large if left and treated like a winter squash.  Talk about double duty! This variety is especially fun because it can grow into all sorts of fun and twisted shapes (though probably less fun when trying to dispatch them in the kitchen with the veggie peeler...).

This double use of the vegetable that is open to the home gardener is but one of the great examples of "nose to tail eating" as Lorene puts it.  Don't fret when the radishes bolt at the first sign of heat.  Let them feed the bees, and after pollination will follow delectable juicy-spicy seed pods.  I have encountered these myself, and decided that I need to try some to pickled this year.  The radish variety 'Rat Tail', while unfortunately named, has been chosen specifically for this purpose.  Hardneck garlic scapes, nasturtium seed pods, and kale flower buds are all good eats too!  Thus, it is best to let go a little, and make room for serendipity.  For, as my friend Tricia is woe to behold, "you can't control everything in the garden" - though it probably won't keep her from trying, for a couple more years at least.

Some parting words from our engaging speaker: feed the soil, be gentle with it, because we all don't have the luxury of geological time.

Enjoy the Hopeful Signs of Spring!